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The language of Seneca’s messenger speeches concentrates preceding patterns of imagery into grotesquely violent action. In three tragedies –  Phaedra ,  Thyestes , and  Trojan Women  – the report of an anonymous messenger dominates an entire act. All three scenes describe gruesome deaths: the impalement of Hippolytus on a tree trunk in  Phaedra , Atreus’ butchering of his nephews in  Thyestes , and the slaughter of Astyanax and Polyxena in  Trojan Women.  In portraying violence, these messenger speeches repurpose language established in earlier scenes to realize and deform a dominant theme of each play: distorted sexuality, appetite, and moral dissolution.

The Medium and the Messenger in Seneca’s Phaedra , Thyestes , and Trojan Women