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In the  Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic , Kant formulates teleological principles, or rather ideas, and explicates them referring to concrete examples of natural science such as chemistry, astronomy, biology, empirical psychology, and physical geography. Despite the increasing interest in the systematic relevance of the  Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic  and its importance for Kant’s conception of natural science, the numerous historical sources for the regulative use of reason have not yet been investigated. One that is very central is Maupertuis’  principle of least action . In 1781, Kant transformed teleology into heuristics and methodology, but in doing so, he partially develops a teleology which was disqualified by Maupertuis because its starting point lies in the  construction of animals or plants , the  structure of the earth , and the  immensity of the celestial bodies . Based on Maupertuis’ principle of action, it can be shown that the  Appendix  forms a systematic interface between  Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens  and  Critique of Judgement  which allows the reconstruction of Kant’s regulative use of reason and its specific status in the context of natural science and his critical appraisal of Maupertuis.

Between Old and New Teleology. Kant on Maupertuis’ Principle of Least Action