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In this article, we provide further evidence that Bogotá Spanish is transitioning from being an extensively  usted- using variety into one in which  tú  is preferred in informal interaction by analyzing survey data through a quantitative approach, and metalinguistic commentary through a qualitative approach. Our data show that  tú  is mainly thought of as a productive way to convey proximity. At the same time, our data show that, despite this change in second person preference,  usted  and  sumercé  persist in familiar address, albeit at rates considerably lower than  tú. Usted  is particularly frequent among males in same-gender dyads because it allows them to avoid the possible connotations of effeminacy that  tú  may have in that specific context.  Sumercé  is frequently selected in addressing older relatives and individuals from the countryside because it is seen as being capable of conveying respect and affection simultaneously. Moreover,  sumercé  is seen as a sign of local identity capable of distinguishing Bogotá Spanish from other national varieties with  vos,  which is marginal in our data. Our findings are best seen through the proposal that address forms may gain specific meanings within their particular context of use, despite having more conventional meanings attached to them.

Changes and continuities in second person address pronoun usage in Bogotá Spanish