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This article reports a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly biosynthesis of ZnO/Fe 3 O 4  nanocomposites using  Callistemon viminalis  leaves’ water extract. For the first time, we used a green synthetic route  via C. viminalis  leaves’ extract to prepare ZnO/Fe 3 O 4  nanocomposites (NCs) using zinc acetate and ferric chloride as precursor materials. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic results revealed polyphenolic compounds mainly phenolic acids present in the plant extract acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize ZnO/Fe 3 O 4  NCs. Outcomes of XRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of ZnO–Fe 3 O 4  heterojunction in ZnO/Fe 3 O 4  NCs, with crystallite sizes of 45, 35, and 60 nm, respectively, according to Debye–Scherrer’s formula. EDX confirmed Zn, Fe, and O in the ZnO/Fe 3 O 4  nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed the existence of both ZnO and Fe 3 O 4  in the NCs with some agglomeration. The thermal stability of NCs was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in a nitrogen atmosphere. In addition, as-prepared ZnO/Fe 3 O 4  NCs along with biosynthesized ZnO and Fe 3 O 4  (prepared by  C. viminalis  extract) nanoparticles were examined for photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation for 150 min. The result reveals that the photodegradation efficiency of ZnO/Fe 3 O 4  NCs (99.09%) was higher compared to that of monometallic ZnO (84.7%) and Fe 3 O 4  (37.1%) nanoparticles.

nanotechnology reviews

Photoremediation of methylene blue by biosynthesized ZnO/Fe 3 O 4  nanocomposites using  Callistemon viminalis  leaves aqueous extract: A comparative study