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Advances in bionanotechnology promise to allow medical diagnosis and therapy through the channel of molecular imaging. Combining biological science and modern detection techniques, molecular imaging has the ability to penetrate biomedical processes at the molecular and cellular level. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), broadly defined as particles of tens of nm to approximately 2 μm in diameter in this review, are playing an increasingly important role in molecular imaging. They act as contrast agents to remarkably enhance the signal. The precise determination of the position and quantity of MNP is critical for these applications. This review describes the advances in the development of detection techniques for magnetic particles used in molecular imaging and diagnosis. The techniques are categorized as high magnetic field techniques and low magnetic field techniques. The high-field studies focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The ultra-low-field (ULF) studies include several of the most recent techniques: giant magnetoresistance sensors, superconducting quantum interference devices, atomic magnetometers, and magnetic particle imaging. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.

Detection of magnetic nanomaterials in molecular imaging and diagnosis applications