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The mechanical pulp of mulberry branches was evaluated as a raw material for the production of cellulose II and its subsequent conversion to nanocellulose via high-pressure homogenization, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-oxidation, and sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the nanocellulose samples prepared by each method were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that nanocellulose prepared by high-pressure homogenization exhibited higher aspect ratio (&gt;100), and the weight loss peak in the DTG chart was 361 °C, with the best thermal stability, whereas that prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis featured shorter fiber length (96±31 nm) and a higher crystallinity (78.2 %).The TEMPO oxidized nanocellulose (TOCN) had smaller width (5.5±1.6 nm) and high carboxyl content (1.5 mmol/g). In addition, we have further studied the application of TOCN in the wet end of papermaking, replacing the colloidal SiO 2  in CPAM/ colloidal SiO 2 /APAM retention system with the same amount (3600 ppm) of TOCN. The study found that the strength of the paper obtained by adding TOCN instead of the traditional wet end additives is similar, and the water drainage and retention properties of the pulp are improved.

Evaluation of mulberry branch waste as raw material for nanocellulose synthesis: effects of the synthesis method on product properties