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Relying on qualitative interview data from three U.S.-based government-funded international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), this article explores the temporal structuring, that is, the timing of governmental accountability requirements and their impact on nonprofit organizations. The article reports that, entrenched within government accountability requirements and expectations are  temporal structures  that serve as powerful levers for influencing, ensuring, and verifying INGOs’ financial integrity and stewardship of the federal dollars awarded to them. The article draws the following conclusion: that government’s accountability practices are operationalized through  ex ante ,  mid-course , and  ex post  temporal structures, all of which, combined with  verification  and  explanatory  accountability processes, effectively serve to steer, direct, and control the managerial and operational decisions of INGOs.

Steering International NGOs through Time: The Influence of Temporal Structuring in Government Accountability Requirements