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When catastrophes happen, they generally happen suddenly and have far-reaching consequences. They strike everyone and everything – people, organizations, social institutions – but in different ways and, it should be stressed – they hit some harder than others. When we think of catastrophes we naturally tend to think of the suffering they cause those most directly affected. But there are also consequences of a more indirect nature: material damage, environmental damage, impacts on social relations and on public confidence in authorities and institutions. The purpose of this review of the literature is to summarize the principal lessons offered by the research to date on communication aspects of catastrophes, i.e., people's need of information, the success and failure of various communication efforts, changes in people's confidence in authorities and mass media, the interaction between media and authorities, etc. Relevant findings from several fields are included: catastrophe communication, risk communication, and communication in emergencies or crises. It should be pointed out, however, that the field is quite heterogeneous, and there is no common denominator in terms of theory or methodology. This is a consequence of the fact that most studies are case studies that have been initiated by the events in question; ambitions to generalize have been secondary at best. Another contributing factor is that researchers from different academic disciplines have applied a variety of theoretical frames of reference. It should also be noted that the terms catastrophe, risk and crisis are not synonymous or interchangeable. 'Catastrophe' denotes an event having serious negative consequences for many people, whereas 'risk' denotes a presumed or possible threat or danger. 'Crisis', finally, can defined on an individual or a collective level. In this context we will primarily be discussing collective, societal crises, events that threaten central values and call established authority structures into question (cf. Nohrstedt & Tassew 1993; Flodin 1993). At the end of the review I will discuss the relationships between these phenomena in an interactional perspective involving various crisis factors. The field of research has grown rapidly in recent decades, both in Sweden and internationally. Perspectives on the role of communication have broadened. Whereas research in the area known as 'risk communication' previously concentrated on the char

Communication Challenges in Connection with Catastrophes and States of Emergency