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The role of English as a global language and its consequences for the internationalization of higher education are matters that  have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers from different fields of language and communication. In this paper, an overview  of the situation in Estonia is presented. The Estonian context has not previously been analyzed along these lines. The author suggests  looking at Ph.D. dissertations as a site of tension between the need to effectively incorporate English as an academic language and  the need to maintain Estonian as the national language. The article views this question in the context of some relevant language  policy documents and other macro indicators. It then focuses on the number of Ph.D. dissertations defended at four main public  universities in the last few years and the languages they have been written in. It appears that, although the language policy documents  seem to correctly capture this tension between English and Estonian, the language most commonly used when writing dissertations is  overwhelmingly English, with only the humanities providing some counterbalance to that trend. The current situation is different from  that of past decades, when English was absent from Estonia’s scientific production and Estonian was significantly employed in that  context, alongside Russian. In the discussion section, some lines for further inquiry are presented, together with a proposal for  integrating complexity theory in such analyses.

University language policies and language choice among Ph.D. graduates in Estonia: The (unbalanced) interplay between English and Estonian