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The aim of this study was to explore pragmalinguistic strategies employed by a group  of Iranian English language learners when making refusals to invitations, requests, offers  and suggestions in their first (Persian) and second (English) languages. Data were  collected from 86 participants through a Discourse Completion Test (DCT). The social  variables under study were gender and social power differentials between the interlocutors.  As a novel attempt in studies of interlanguage pragmatics, cultural schemas underlying  refusals of Iranian English language learners were also investigated through Focus Group  Interviews (FGI). The findings indicated that the participants used refusal head acts, the core  components realising refusals, with similar frequency in their L1 (Persian) and L2 (English).  However, differences were observed in the use of supportive move strategies in the Persian  and English responses of the participants. The FGI responses associated certain Persian  cultural schemas, in particular  tă’ărof  (ritual politeness) and  ru-dar-băyesti   (state/feeling of distance-out-of-respect), with the production and interpretation of refusals  by the Iranian students both in Persian and English to a large extent.

Refusal strategies in L1 and L2: A study of Persian-speaking learners of English