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Listener responses (called backchannels) and their  effect on intercultural communication were investigated in eight dyadic  conversations in English between Japanese and British participants. The findings  of this study revealed several differences in the way each culture used  backchannels: the Japanese participants used slightly more backchannels per  interlocutor word, the British participants displayed greater variability in the  types of backchannels they used, and there were several differences in the  lexical items making up these backchannels. Japanese participants sent  noticeably more backchannels in three discourse contexts: at or directly after a  pause, directly after a primary speaker’s nonverbal gesture, and directly after  a tag question or an utterance ending with the lexical items ‘ya know’. This  study found evidence supporting the hypothesis that backchannel conventions,  which are not shared between cultures, contribute to negative perceptions and  stereotyping. The findings of this study support the conclusion that  backchannels warrant more attention in EFL classes in Japan.

A case study examining backchannels in conversations between Japanese–British dyads