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X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative movement disorder, caused by a founder retrotransposon insertion in an intron of the  TAF1  gene. This insertion contains a polymorphic hexanucleotide repeat (CCCTCT) n , the length of which inversely correlates with the age at disease onset (AAO) and other clinical parameters, aligning XDP with repeat expansion disorders. Nevertheless, many other pathogenic mechanisms are conceivably at play in XDP, indicating that in contrast to other repeat disorders, the (CCCTCT) n  repeat may not be the actual (or only) disease cause. Here, we summarize and discuss genetic and molecular aspects of XDP, highlighting the role of the hexanucleotide repeat in age-related disease penetrance and expressivity.

X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism: over and above a repeat disorder