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The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of the Nikolaus’s African climbing mouse ( Megadendromus nikolausi ), formerly known only from four specimens, remained for a long time ambiguous. Here, we report, for the first time, the phylogenetic analysis of this species using mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear (interphotoreceptor binding protein) gene sequences obtained from a new specimen recently caught in the Bale Mountains in south-eastern Ethiopia. Our analyses strongly suggest that the Nikolaus’s climbing mouse does not belong to a distinct monotypic genus, but to the genus  Dendromus . The first karyotype description of this enigmatic Ethiopian endemic is presented. The diploid set comprises 18 pairs of bi-armed chromosomes, 2N=36, one of the lowest diploid numbers reported for the genus  Dendromus  (2N=30–52). Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis reveals that another very distinctive Ethiopian endemic,  Dendromus lovati , sometimes placed in a subgenus  Chortomys , occupies an internal position within  Dendromus  s.s. The results suggest that the Ethiopian Plateau is an important center of high diversity and adaptive radiation for the genus  Dendromus . The conservation status of  M. nikolausi  is assessed.

Phylogenetic position of a monotypic Ethiopian endemic rodent genus Megadendromus (Rodentia, Nesomyidae)