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Talpine moles are reported to nest at the same site for periods longer than their known longevity. The present study verifies experimentally  in situ  that during such long-term nesting, the inhabitants of the nest change, with the new inhabitant constructing its own nest if the existing nest has been removed. The principal methods involved removal of both the nest and inhabiting mole from the nesting site, the site that had been located by observing the fruiting of the mushroom species  Hebeloma radicosum . This treatment was followed by observation of refruiting of the mushroom at the same site; refruiting indicated renesting by another mole. Verification was made at three sites in the cool temperate forests of central Japan where three talpine species live. At two of the sites, the inhabiting  Euroscaptor mizura  mole was replaced by another  E. mizura  mole. At the third site, a  Mogera wogura  mole was replaced by a  Mogera imaizumii  mole. The causes and circumstances for such persistent nesting are discussed, with emphasis on habitat-cleaning symbiosis.

Inhabitant changes in long-term mole nesting at the same site, revealed by observing mushroom fruiting at the site