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The cottontail rabbit species,  Sylvilagus brasiliensis , is currently understood to be constituted by 18 subspecies ranging from east central Mexico to northern Argentina, and from sea level to at least 4800 m in altitude. This hypothesis of a single widespread polytypic species remains to be critically tested. In other species groups of  Sylvilagus  from other geographic areas, the use of chromosomal information has been important in delineating taxonomic boundaries. To date, however, no chromosomal data are available for  Sylvilagus  south of Mexico. Here we report the chromosomal complement of two individuals (a male and a female) putatively ascribed to  Sylvilagus brasiliensis  on the basis of morphological characters and collected from southern Península del Azuero in Panama. The diploid number (2n) of these two individuals was 38 and the fundamental number (autosomal arms, aFN) was 72. Karyotypes of  S .  brasiliensis  from southern Mexico have reported two chromosomal forms: 2n=36, FN=68 and 2n=40, FN=76. We complement the chromosomal data with a morphological examination of the Panama specimens and of holotype materials pertinent to the taxonomic identity of Mesoamerican taxa of  Sylvilagus . These findings, in association with others regarding the phylogenetic relationships of  Sylvilagus  from the Neotropics, reinforce the idea that the current taxonomic treatment of the species merits critical scrutiny. In particular, we excise  Sylvilagus gabbi  from subspecific synonymy with  S .  brasiliensis  and remove the subspecies  truei  from  brasiliensis  to  gabbi .

Morphological and chromosomal taxonomic assessment of S ylvilagus brasiliensis gabbi (Leporidae)