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Where large predators persist, predation is a strong determinant of ungulate population dynamics (Larsen et al. 1989; Lingle 2002; Robinson et al. 2002). Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) and cougars (Puma concolor) are both commonly found in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (Krausman and Bowyer 2003; Pierce and Bleich 2003). Bighorn sheep use several antipredator tactics such as gregariousness, traditional trails and traditional seasonal range-use patterns (Festa-Bianchet 1991a). Moreover, they select habitats close to cliffs and steep rocky areas where they can escape from predator attacks (Geist 1971; Berger 1991). These antipredator tactics are likely more efficient against coursing predators such as wolves (Canis lupus) than against ambush predators such as cougars (Festa-Bianchet 1991a). In the last decade, several studies on bighorn sheep have reported that predation by one or more specialist cougars can strongly and unpredictably influence population trajectories (Wehausen 1996; Ross et al. 1997; Festa-Bianchet and Apollonio 2003, Festa-Bianchet et al. 2006). Ross et al. (1997) reported that over one winter, two cougars were responsible for 55% of all sheep mortality (16 known cougar kills of 29 mortalities) leading to a 13% population decline in a bighorn population of 126 individuals, while Wehausen (1996) recorded survival of 62.5% for nine radiotracked adult ewes during a period with cougar predation. Because bighorn sheep reactions to cougar attacks are rarely witnessed, the reasons why bighorn sheep appear highly sensitive to cougar predation are poorly

mammalia

Behavioural reactions of bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis ) to cougar ( Puma concolor ) attacks / Comportement du mouflon d'Amerique ( Ovis canadensis ) lors d'attaques par le cougar ( Puma concolor )