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Recent evidence suggests that the phonetic realization of linguistic units is sensitive to informational context. For example, the duration of a word is shorter when it is probable given the following word. Word-specific phonetic variation is unexpected according to modular/feedforward models. We consider various challenges to identifying the loci of informational effects on phonetic implementation – do they arise in production, perception, memory, or some combination? Section  2  addresses a theoretical issue: what are the right measure(s) of predictability/informativity? An urgent direction for future work is to understand what kinds of context matter and why. Section  3  reviews second-mention reduction and other non-local discourse effects, which strongly suggest a production locus (rather than arising in speech perception or memory). Important future directions include modeling discourse/topic in corpus studies, and experimentally assessing the role of nonlocal context in perception and memory. Section  4  addresses the role of computational modeling. We call for integrated, implemented end-to-end models which include speech perception, lexical representation, and speech production components.

Loci and locality of informational effects on phonetic implementation