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This study proposes an innovative blended flipped and online mode for PBL-flipped and PBL-online study, a PBL-blended format of instruction. The study determines whether different pedagogical strategies – PBL-flipped, PBL-online and PBL-blended – influence the validation results for the ARCS model and the PBL learning outcomes. The study population consists of 116 students who use the general education Information and Literacy Ethics digital materials for higher education produced by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan. The quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that the paths in the ARCS model are all statistically significant for the three methods of instruction and there are no significant differences among the three methods of instruction in terms of class participation and learning scores. However, there is a very noticeable improvement in the PBL learning process in the aspects of reliable leadership and group collaboration learning in blended groups. Self-directed learning is also enhanced and negative learning attitudes are significantly reduced in blended groups. The study demonstrates that the proposed PBL-blended teaching mode is a more efficient and effective way of promoting PBL learning in information literacy courses.

A Comparison of the Learning Outcomes for a PBL-based Information Literacy Course in Three Different Innovative Teaching Environments