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In a comprehensive 4-year follow-up study the long-term outcomes in 709 singleton term breech born infants were evaluated. The outcome has been related to different management protocols during two consecutive study periods. In the first period (A, 1971-1974) the rate of cesarean section was 16.1% and in the second period (B, 1974-1977) 37.1%. The neonatal mortality rate was the same in both study periods (0.3%). The incidence of long-term neurodevelopmental handicaps was in period A 5.3% and in period B 2.4% at 4 years of age. Sequelae among infants in period A were in most cases labor-related, i.e. footling, extended arms or difficulty in descent of the fetal head. An antero-posterior diameter of less than 12 cm at the brim was common in these cases. In both study periods there was an increased risk of neurodevelopmental handicaps for infants with hyperextension of the head in the breech position delivered by the vaginal route. In period B the incidence of neurodevelopmental sequelae at the 4-year follow-up did not differ from that found in a group of infants born vaginally in vertex presentation. The rates of visual and auditory disorders, behaviour problems, enuresis and late speech development were not increased in the breeches neither in period A nor in period B.

Modern strategy for the term breech delivery — A study with a 4-year follow-up of the infants