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A semi-analytical technique, effective index-based matrix method (EIMM), has been applied to determine the coupling length of continuous wave UV-written directional coupler for different gaps between the waveguides as well as the pure bending loss and transition loss of S-curved waveguides estimated to optimize the transition length ( L ) and lateral offset ( h ). The refractive index profiles of the directional coupler were computed by solving the heat flow equation on the surface of LiNbO 3  crystal, and used as input to EIMM.

Design of a Directional Coupler based on UV-Induced LiNbO 3 Waveguides