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Concrete behaves as a brittle material due to its low inherent tensile strength, but it can also exhibit a markedly ductile behavior when coupled with transverse reinforcement like steel stirrups. The role of stirrups is to enhance confinement effect, to restrain the lateral expansion of concrete, thus modifying the concrete stress-strain constitutive law and enabling higher compression strains and higher ductility. This paper focuses on the confinement effect induced by different arrangements of transverse reinforcement on axially loaded concrete columns. An experimental campaign has been carried out, comprising 18 concrete columns with two different mechanical strengths and reinforced with three different layouts of stirrups, namely typical closed square hoops, closed stirrups with additional cross ties, and a novel type of stirrups involving rectangular hoops with additional restraint plates, the latter offering an enhanced diffused confinement action and limiting extensive spalling of the cover concrete. Formation and propagation of longitudinal micro-cracks are reduced with the novel type of diffused stirrups and a moderate-to-high increase of ductility is observed. However, the beneficial effects induced by diffused stirrups are more pronounced in medium-strength concrete and almost negligible in low-strength concrete that collapses due to a brittle cracking failure without involving the confinement action of the transverse reinforcement.

Confinement effect of different arrangements of transverse reinforcement on axially loaded concrete columns: An experimental study