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order which provides “the best chance for any member selected at random successfully to use his knowledgeforhis purposes” (1967: 163). And it is quite explicitly stated when Hayek suggests that “we should regard as the most desirable order of society one which we would choose if we knew that our initial position in it would be decided purely by chance (such as the fact of our being born into a particular family)” (1976: 132). Markets: Competition Within Constraints What does the criterion of the desirability of rules and institutions, namely their desirability to their constituents, imply forHayek’s evolutionary argument? To argue that the evolutionary process selects in favor of beneficial or desirable institutions would mean to claim that cultural evolution favors institutions that are desirable to the persons involved. Note that the normative component lies only in the notion that the relevant criterion for the desirability of institutions is the desirability to their constituents. The claim that cultural evolution selects in favor of rules and institutions that are desirable in this sense is, as such, not a normative but a factual claim, namely the conjecture that the evolutionaryprocess is such that it will favor institutions with attributes that their constituents find desirable. This conjecture can, quite obviously, be correct or false. In the generality in which it is stated, it seems to be false; and we can certainly suppose that Hayek would not have agreed that this is what he meant. But, if he does not mean to say that evolutionary competition universally produces desirable results in the above sense, what claim can be inferred from his argument? The answer to this question lies, in myview, in the distinction that I introduced earlier between conditional andunconditional evolutionary claims. How this distinction can help to clarifiy Hayek’s evolutionary ‘ 5 Hayek (1978: 37): Since Adam Smith ... a market economy has . .. been likened to a game in which the i’esults for each depend partly on his skill and effort and partly on chance. The individuals have reason to agree to play this game because it makes the pool from which the irLdividual sharesare drawnlargerthan it can bemade by anyother method.

Hayek's Legacy and the Future of Liberal Thought: Rational Liberalism Vs. Evolutionary Agnosticism