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TiO 2 /Ti composites were synthesized by the paint-thermal decomposition method, in which a titanium (Ti) substrate was used due to low impedance between the TiO 2  film and Ti plate, providing a strong adhesion. Photoactive TiO 2 /Ti composites were further modified by an annealing treatment (500-750 °C). The structural evolution during annealing of the films was studied by XRD analysis. Morphology and microstructure characteristics were obtained by SEM and AFM measurements, respectively. The effects of photocatalytic (PC) activity and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) activity were evaluated on the degradation of phenol in an aqueous solution and by the formation of hydroxyl radicals through a photoluminescence technique using terephthalic acid. It was found that the modified TiO 2 /Ti composite with an anatase-to-rutile ratio of 82/18 was optimal for both PC and PEC, which resulted in the highest efficiency when using solar light. The PEC degradation was 2.8 times higher than that of PC with the optimal mixture of anatase and rutile. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was derived from the synergistic effect between the modified TiO 2 /Ti composite electrode and an applied bias. The integration of the paint-thermal decomposition method with PEC technology with an applied bias of 1 V using solar light (UV 300-400 , 60 W/m 2 ) showed promising degradation efficiencies for phenol (90%).

Enhanced Solar Light Photoelectrocatalytic Activity in Water by Anatase-to-rutile TiO 2 Transformation