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In the past, TiO 2  particles have been considered non-toxic because of both their chemical inertness and the conclusions of epidemiological studies dealing with μm-sized particles. Recently, the assignment of diseases to inhalation of atmospheric particles, and the important industrial development of nm-sized particles - among which TiO 2  particles are prominent, principally because of their photocatalytic properties - have induced new safety research. This article provides the results of in vivo experiments showing that TiO 2  particles inhaled or swallowed can go through the biological barriers and cause damage to various organs. Obviously, the smaller the particle size, the easier the translocation within the body. There are indications that the TiO 2  allotropic form and various surface properties also influence the biological impairments. Although the experimental methodologies can sometimes be criticized, a danger is pointed out. To evaluate the ensuing risk, the release of particles from TiO 2  - containing substances and materials is discussed. Precautions and recommendations are presented, even though the potential inhalation of TiO 2  -containing particles appears to be minor compared with that of particles emitted by combustions, with the obvious exception of workers manufacturing or using TiO 2  particles.

A Brief Survey of the Potential Health Risks of TiO 2 Particles and TiO 2 - Containing Photocatalytic or Non-Photocatalytic Materials