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Verb phrases seem to be head initial in affirmative sentences in Lokạạ  (a Niger-Congo language of the Cross River area of Nigeria) but head final  in negative clauses and gerunds. This article aspires to give a  comprehensive description of this phenomenon, together with a theoretical analysis.  It considers how a full range of grammatical elements are ordered in both kinds  of clauses – including direct objects, second objects, particles, weak  pronouns, complement clauses, serial verbs, adverbs, prepositional phrases,  tense/mood particles, and auxiliary verbs. The pattern that emerges is a bit different  from the one found in some superficially similar languages, such as Vata,  Bambara, Nupe, and Nweh. I argue that the details are correctly explained by a  “remnant movement” theory in which the Lokạạ verb first moves out of the verb phrase  to combine with tense/agreement inflection, and then the rest of the verb  phrase moves as a unit into a specifier position at the top of the clause.  This position is available because the notional subject undergoes dislocation  in Lokạạ, as has been claimed for many of its Bantu kin.

On verb-initial and verb-final word orders in Lokạạ