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In this study, we test the prediction, derived from  the Critical Period Hypothesis, that a native level in L2 grammar cannot be  attained by learners who start acquiring a second language after childhood. We  selected 43 very advanced late learners of Dutch (native speakers of German,  French and Turkish) and compared their performance on a grammar test with that  of 44 native speakers of Dutch. The test consisted of an elicited imitation task  and a sentence preference task. In these tasks, participants were tested on  their knowledge of dummy subject constructions. These construction types are  known to be very hard to acquire for L2-learners of Dutch and are hardly covered  in Dutch grammars or L2 Dutch textbooks. The results show that it is possible to  attain a native level of proficiency for learners who start acquiring an L2  after puberty, even for learners with a typologically distant  L1.

Native-like attainment of dummy subjects in Dutch and the role of the L1