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The term ‘information’ in the age of information societies should cover similar semantic fields in linguistics and in information science. The nature of what is usually called information in linguistics and how it relates to meaning and cognition should therefore be elaborated in agreement with other cognitive sciences. For this reason, we define information as knowledge about semantic situations, their participants (agents and/or figures) and spatio-temporal anchors i . Both semantics and pragmatics participate in the elucidation of the content (meaning) of utterance level signs (expressions). Relations and predication are driven by sequentially ordered functions, on the one hand, and Entities (internally, through comparison of their properties and, externally, through global and/or local centering) undergo parallel processes, on the other hand. The importance of pragmatics for the study of human languages is still often underestimated notwithstanding the rise of research on pragmatics both in logics and linguistics over the last fifty years. Twentieth century linguistic research led to the conclusion that many linguistic categories (such as modality, aspect, tense, determination, etc.) concern not only the informative contents (semantics) but are also discourse-dependent. Taking these findings into account we developed the Meta-Informative Centering (MIC) theory in which pragmatics occupies an even more basic place in natural language. Meta-information concerns the way information is ordered: to achieve the ordering of non-linear representations as texts (sequences of linguistic utterances), the speaker must select a center of attention (CA) and “predicate” about it. Hence, in the MIC theory, the term “predicate” is reserved for the meta-informative level and is used in its initial Aristotelian sense. Whereas in most contemporary approaches subject is regarded as a purely syntactic unit, in the MIC theory, it is defined as the global center of attention about which something is predicated in an utterance.

Agents, roles and other things we talk about: Associative Semantics and Meta-Informative Centering Theory