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Despite the vast existing literature on Hispanic linguistics, studies focused on the Afro-Hispanic field are marked by a clear inclination towards the Caribbean and Latin American regions (Lipski 2007, 2009). Within this field, some research dates back to pre-colonial times and questions the possible African contribution in terms of religion, literature, language and architecture of pre-Colombian societies, especially given the difficulty researchers encounter when isolating purely African religious elements or philosophical ideas from those that belonged to the indigenous American cultures. The Spanish colonial era in America after the fifteenth century featured the arrival of over ten million Africans in the Antilles and in Latin America, who “created new and vibrant cultures, magnificently compelling syntheses of various African, English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish influences” (Gates 2011: back cover). Clearly the language was one example of cultural hybridization, and has been studied as such, especially in regards to lexical borrowing and linguistic contact in Latin American and the Caribbean. However, it is important to point out that Spanish and Portuguese colonial companies existed within the context of transatlantic relations, where people, goods, languages, and cultural

Exploring glottopolitical dynamics in Africa: the Spanish colonial past and beyond. An introduction