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Three-dimensional investigation has been carried out to simulate buoyancy induced heat transfer and fluid flow as well as entropy creation inside C-shaped enclosure charged with based water CNT–Al 2 O 3  (15–85%) hybrid nanofluid. Left side is isothermally heated while the vertical portions of the right wall are isothermally cooled. Effects of various parameters on the flow behavior and the produced irreversibilities, namely the cavity aspect ratio (0.1 ≤ Ar ≤ 0.4), Rayleigh number (10 3  ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6 ) and volumetric fraction of hybrid nanofluid (0 ≤  φ  ≤ 0.06) have been examined. It was revealed that the aspect ratio is the main controlling parameter of thermal energy transfer and generated entropy. In addition, for specific Ra, adding hybrid nanoparticles leads to the increase of the average Nusselt number while the highest produced entropy is observed with higher Rayleigh number. Moreover, the maximum Bejan number occurred for a shape factor Ar = 0.1 and Ra = 10 4  disregarding the hybrid nanoparticles volume fraction showing the dominance of thermal irreversibility over the viscous dissipation irreversibility in such conditions.

Numerical simulation of buoyancy-induced heat transfer and entropy generation in 3D C-shaped cavity filled with CNT–Al 2 O 3 /water hybrid nanofluid