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This study was carried out to remove iron from kaolin using a biological method by two different species of  Bacillus sp . and the combination of  A. niger  isolated from pistachio skin &amp;  Bacillus subtilis  and comparing them with the control sample. The experiments were carried out for  Bacillus sp . at 30 °C and 25 °C and for the combination of  A. niger  &amp;  Bacillus subtilis  at 27 °C. The concentration of dissolved iron increased with increasing temperature in the samples treated with  Bacillus sp . X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy results of the samples at 25 °C showed a reduction of 31.1% in Fe 2 O 3  and Fe content and a reduction of 37% at 30 °C after 28 days. Therefore, iron removal by  Bacillus subtilis  at 30 °C achieves better performance than at 25 °C. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy results of the samples treated with the combination of  A. niger  &amp;  Bacillus subtilis  show a decrease of 49% in Fe 2 O 3  and Fe content at 27 °C after 14 days. The results of colour measurement showed that kaolin powder treated with the combination of  A. niger &amp; Bacillus subtilis  at 27 °C had the highest degree of whiteness compared to other samples.

Optimal removal of iron impurities from kaolin by combination of Aspergillus niger & Bacillus subtilis