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Forming heterojunctions by coupling two or more semiconductors is an important strategy to develop stable and efficient photocatalysts able to operate both under near-UV and visible light. Five novel heterojunction systems were synthesized in the present study, using a modified sol-gel method: Bi 2 Mo 3 O 12 /TiO 2 , ZnFe 2 O 4 /TiO 2 , FeTiO 3 /TiO 2 , WO 3 (US)/TiO 2  and WO 3 /TiO 2 . These heterojunction semiconductors were characterized by using XRD, SEM and EDX, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and BET. Their photocatalytic activities were evaluated using methyl orange (MO) degradation under both near-UV and visible light. From the various heterojunctions developed, the WO 3 (US)/TiO 2  photocatalyst was the one that showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency with this being assigned to the formation of a double heterojunction involving anatase, rutile and monoclinic WO 3  phases. On this basis, a photocatalyst activation mechanism applicable to near-UV and visible light irradiation was proposed. This mechanism explains how the photogenerated electrons (e – ) and positive holes (h + ) can be transferred to the various phases. As a result, and given the reduced holes and electron recombination surface, hydroxyl radicals found were more abundant. To confirm this assumption, hole formation in the valence band was studied, using hole-scavenging reactions involving ion iodine (I – ), while hydroxyl radical production used fluorescence spectroscopy.

Heterojunctions for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment: Positive Holes, Hydroxyl Radicals and Activation Mechanism under UV and Visible Light