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Ground spruce sapwood was extracted with pressurised hot water with addition of different amounts of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) to find optimal pH conditions for extraction of hemicelluloses, especially of galactoglucomannans (GGMs). The extractions were carried out in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) at 170°C. When extraction was carried out with 2.5 mM NaHCO 3  during 60–100 min extraction time (end-pH 3.9), more than 60% of the total extracted substances were hemicellulose-derived carbohydrates. Under these conditions, approximately 80% of the extracted carbohydrates were from GGMs (13% b.o. wood). At higher concentrations of NaHCO 3 , the yield of carbohydrates, especially those derived from GGMs, decreased. Hydrolytic depolymerisation of hemicelluloses occurring during extraction with plain water was largely inhibited in the presence of 2.5–5 mM NaHCO 3 . The hydrolytic deacetylation of GGM was diminished at low NaHCO 3  concentrations but increased dramatically at higher NaHCO 3  concentrations. It can be concluded that 2.5–5 mM NaHCO 3  giving an end-pH value of 4 is better for GGM isolation than plain water.

Characterisation of Norway spruce hemicelluloses extracted by pressurised hot-water extraction (ASE) in the presence of sodium bicarbonate