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Knots (i.e., branch bases inside tree stems) in spruce trees contained remarkably higher concentrations of lignans and oligolignans than the adjacent stemwood. The amount of lignans in some knots exceeded 10% (w w −1 ) and some knots contained hundreds of times more lignans than the heartwood in the same tree. However, there were large variations between different species and even between different knots in the same tree. 7-Hydroxymatairesinol was the predominant lignan in knots of  Picea abies, P. glauca ,  P. koraiensis ,  P. mariana , and  P. omorika , while liovil and secoisolariciresinol dominated in  P. sitchensis  and  P. pungens . The lignans occur in free form in knots and are easily extracted with polar solvents. In addition to the true lignans, especially the knots contained large amounts of lignan-related oligomeric aromatic substances, here called oligolignans, consisting of three or four phenylpropane units.

Bioactive phenolic substances in industrially important tree species. Part 1: Knots and stemwood of different spruce species