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Time-of-flight (ToF) measurements were conducted on twelve 76×226-mm 2  in cross-section, 4.52-m long specimens of Norway spruce timber pieces from a dismantled 19 th -century building in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Two commercially available acoustic devices were used: the USLab ultrasound device with conical 22 and 45 kHz sensors and the MicroSecond Timer (MST) stress wave device with spike sensors. ToF were obtained for the full-length (4.52 m) specimens in an end-to-end arrangement and for lengths of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 m on the same surface and on opposite surfaces. The differences between the velocities obtained from end-to-end and semi-direct measurements were less than 4.5%. Apparent velocity dependence on length was observed in short-distance measurements. This could be corrected by determining a time lag (tL) from a linear regression between the ToF and the distance. Estimation of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) from the dynamic MOE (MOE dyn ) is acceptable (r 2 =0.45–0.69) depending on the measurement procedure, and the best results for  in situ  timber are obtained in edge surface velocity. Although modulus of rupture (MOR) estimation from MOE dyn  improves slightly when knottiness is included, it has low predictive capacity.

Influence of length on acoustic time-of-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber