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Freeze dried nanofibrils were acetylated in a heterogeneous system with acetic anhydride, pyridine, and dimethylformamide and the obtained acetylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNF ac ) were combined with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to a composite. CNF ac  with its partially hydrophobic surface showed a good compatibility with PLA resulting in composite films with improved properties. Tensile strength (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and elongation at break (EB) of PLA/CNF increased significantly when 2–5% of CNF ac  was added to the PLA matrix, while the addition of 10% and higher amounts CNF ac  decreased the EB at a higher TS and MOE. Mechanical parameters did not improve in the case of unmodified CNF addition. The addition of CNF ac  maintained transparency and had absorbance values between those of pure PLA film and PLA film with 2% CNF, while films formed with the addition of 5 and 10% of CNF were less transparent. The addition of CNF did not essentially affect the thermal properties of nanocomposite films. The addition of 2–10% of CNF ac  increased the enthalpy and maximal temperature of cold crystallization as opposed to higher loading of CNF ac . The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) coincide with those of the mechanical properties. Tailoring properties of PLA/CNF are only reproducible in case of homogenously distributed CNF within the PLA matrix and by an improved interphase adhesion between PLA and CNF ac .

COST-FP1105: Properties of PLA films reinforced with unmodified and acetylated freeze dried nanofibrillated cellulose