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The response of dynamic and static modulus of elasticity (MOE dyn  and MOE sta ) of red pine small clear wood (25.4×25.4×407 mm 3 ) within the temperature range -40 to 40°C has been investigated. The moisture content (MC) of the specimens ranged from 0 to 118%. The MOE dyn  was calculated based on measured ultrasonic velocity ( V ) and wood density. The MOE sta  was measured by static bending tests in a climate chamber between -40 and 40°C. The results indicate that both MOE dyn  and MOE sta  were affected by temperature and the MC. Above freezing point, MOE decreased linearly at a slow rate with increasing temperature. Below freezing point, MOE increased at a rapid rate with decreasing temperature. The MC-level had a significant effect on the MOE-temperature relationships. Temperature effect was much more significant in green wood than in dry wood. Analytical models were developed to predict the change of MOE dyn  relative to that at 20°C in the case of acoustic measurements under different temperature conditions.

Modeling temperature effect on dynamic modulus of elasticity of red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) in frozen and non-frozen states