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Rare earth metal cerium-doped titania nanoparticles (titanium dioxide [TiO 2 ]) were produced utilizing a low-cost and straightforward sol–gel technique, and its enhanced photodynamic anticancer activity was tested on Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells. The structural, optical, morphological, anticancer activity, and cytotoxicity of pure and cerium-doped TiO 2  (Ce-doped TiO 2 ) were investigated. In X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, apparent doping of cerium in TiO 2  was detected, with reported anatase patterns shifting toward a lower angle in the anatase structure. Raman spectra verify the presence of cerium doping in TiO 2  by revealing greater wave number shifting. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed that the synthesized TiO 2  and Ce-doped TiO 2  nearly spherical. TiO 2  and Ce-doped TiO 2  were studied for their photodynamic anticancer activities, and the results suggest that cerium doping in TiO 2  improves anticancer activity.

Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells