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The current study was designed to investigate the potential of  Euphorbia wallichii  shoot extract for reducting Au 3+  and stabilizing gold nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra of gold nanoparticles showed obvious surface plasmon resonance peak at 548 nm. Microscopy (SEM and TEM) showed spherical dimensions, and the energy dispersive X-ray spectra displayed the strongest optical absorption peak for gold (Au) at 2.1 keV. Dynamic light scattering spectra represent polydispersed mixture with particulate diameter of 2.5–103.2 nm. The IR spectra confirm the potential functional groups of shoot extract responsible for the reduction of Au 3+  to gold nanoparticles which exhibit tremendous antibacterial potential of 76.31%, 68.47%, 79.85%, 48.10%, and 65.53% against  Escherichia coli ,  Staphylococcus aureus ,  Bacillus pumilus ,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and  Klebsiella pneumoniae , respectively. Gold nanoparticles showed markedly elevated fungicidal potency compared to the shoot extract alone against the tested fungal strains. IC 50  for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging was 31.52, 18.29, and 15.32 µg/mL at 30, 60, and 90 min of reaction time, respectively. Both shoot extract and nanoparticles revealed 71% mortality at 100 µg/mL, with LD 90  values of 310.56 µg/mL. Experimental mice acquired dose-dependent analgesia of 54.21%, 82.60%, and 86.53% when treated with gold nanoparticles at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw. Inhibition of gastrointestinal muscular contraction was 21.16%, 30.49%, and 40.19% in mice feed with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw, respectively.

In vitro and in vivo applications of Euphorbia wallichii shoot extract-mediated gold nanospheres