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This study investigated the adsorption capacities of various contaminants on glucose-derived hydrochar (GH) and glucose-activated carbon (GAC) functionalized with triethylenetetramine (TETA). The two-stage synthesis process consisted of (1) hydrothermal carbonization using various TETA concentrations (1%–5%) to create TETA-functionalized GHs, and (2) chemical activation with NaOH to produce TETA-GACs. The basic properties of the adsorbents were examined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The adsorption characteristics of the GH and GAC samples toward two heavy metal ions (Pb 2+  and Cu 2+ ), phenol, methylene green (MG5), and acid red 1 (AR1) were also examined. The results indicated that GAC 1%  and GH 1%  exhibited excellent adsorption capacities. Specifically, the maximum adsorption capacities of GAC 1%  and GH 1%  reached 370 mg/g and 128 mg/g for Pb 2+ , 208 mg/g and 84 mg/g for Cu 2+ , 196 mg/g and 137 mg/g for phenol, 175 mg/g and 67 mg/g for MG5, and 156 mg/g and 21 mg/g for AR1, respectively. In conclusion, amine functionalization on the surface of GHs and GACs efficiently enhances the removal capacities of various contaminants in water.

Activated carbon derived from spherical hydrochar functionalized with triethylenetetramine: synthesis, characterizations, and adsorption application