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Global warming has caused changes in various ecological processes and has potential to change ecosystems’ stability. In spite of comprehensive studies to investigate air temperatures under global warming, much less is known about changes in soil temperatures, particularly in deep layers. Herein, we used 30 years of soil temperature data from a temperate steppe region to assess vertical characteristics and their changes in soil temperature from the surface to a depth of 3.20 m. We determined, apparently for the first time, that the soil temperature is the lowest at 0.2 cm layer at an annual level. Furthermore, the vertical variation of soil temperature (temperature variation with soil depth) strictly conformed to composite exponential function curves, and there were two composite exponential function curves that are symmetric to each other, to represent soil temperature in a pair of months with a difference of 6 months. Parameters in the functions changed as the soil warmed over 30 years. This finding explored the pattern of soil temperature in deep layers depending on the mathematics model. Model building and understanding is beneficial for predicting vertical and temporal extensions of soil temperature and their impact on below-ground processes in regional ecosystem.

A symmetrical exponential model of soil temperature in temperate steppe regions of China