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When a communicator faces a word-formulation problem, they may use a placeholder (PH) such as  whatchamacallit  to avoid producing a target expression or to delay it. A PH is a dummy element used to fill in the syntactic slot of a target item that a communicator is unable or unwilling to produce (e.g. due to memory lapse). Previous studies have generally been concerned with grammatically stable PHs (e.g.  whatchamacallit ,  you-know-what ), ‘grammatically stable’ in the sense that they are acceptably used (as long as the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic conditions are met) on their own, without a morphosyntactic aid. In this article, we describe ‘grammatically unstable’  wh -derived PHs in three East Asian languages: Japanese, Korean, and Mandarin. To give a specific example, typically, the PH use of Japanese  dare  ‘who’ is not fully acceptable unless it is doubled (i.e.  dare∼dare ) or combines with a non- wh  element (e.g.  dare - sore , where  sore  is the medial demonstrative ‘that’). We show that the types of such remedial morphosyntactic operations vary from language to language and also within a language.

Grammatically unstable placeholders and morpho-syntactic remedies: evidence from East Asian languages