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The pronounced Roman interest in northern Etruria’s territories, particularly in the period between 311--283/282 BCE, provides the foundation for the development of fortified hilltop settlements in the peninsular and island territories controlled by the city of Populonia. After Roman hegemony was established in the region, the city must have felt the need to reinforce control over its territories by creating a distinctive type of settlement that involved well-structured fortresses and control points. These were set apart from each other at regular intervals (9--10 km) so that they could perform specific functions either by themselves or in conjunction with one of their neighbors. Thus, these hilltop fortresses constituted a network of constant and widespread surveillance around Populonia and on the island of Elba during the Late Classical and early Hellenistic periods. In addition, they not only constituted a well-structured system that exercised control over these areas but they also protected the mineral, agricultural, and maritime resources within the city’s territory. Most were abandoned between the mid-second and first centuries BCE after imminent military threats in the region had passed.

Etruscan Strategies of Defense: Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Hilltop Fortresses in the Territory of Populonia