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The evolution of the system of sources ruling the institution of contract is a highly sensitive topic amongst Italian scholars. Contract law is no longer a system of rules and structures requiring conformity, but it is encrusted with case law and doctrine. Norms often lack a statutorily-governed situation required by law. Instead of a judgment whether conduct conforms to a given rule, what is required instead is the balancing of different values. A different legal order, based on new values, is coming. Justice in trials and the fairness of contracts are no longer invoked as tools to protect class interests, but as a way to express constitutional values. By the so called ‘fair decision’s’ argument, the principles of trial procedure construct a new set of judicial decisions. Fairness in contract becomes an essential tool through the principle of an effective remedy (Article 24 Italian Constitution, Articles 6 and 13 ECHR, Article 47 CFREU). The new legal order is based on both legal rules and legal principles. The former are a prius instead of a posterius. They guide judges, lawyers and scholars and give them directions on the objective to pursue. This is made possible by a new and rigorous argumentative technique: a different relationship between facts and values, the centrality of the principle of reasonableness, the attention to in the European Courts and the ‘conscious’ use of the techniques of Community law. The relationship between the legislative function and the implementation of rules and principles is changing and, nowadays, they are on an equal footing. This has direct consequence both on the ‘democratic form’ and contract law, which is becoming more and more different from that of the 20th century. Résumé: L’évolution des sources du droit en matière de contrat est un thème très sensible dans la doctrine italienne. Le droit des contrats n’est plus un système *Corresponding author: Giuseppe Vettori, Prof. University of Florence, E ˗ Mail: g.vettori@studiovettori.eu ERCL 2016; 12(1): 1–29 Brought to you by | Università degli Studi di Firenze Authenticated Download Date | 5/1/16 9:28 AM hiérarchisé de règles et d’institutions, mais relève de la jurisprudence et de l’interprétation doctrinale. Les normes appliquées manquent souvent de statut legal et conduisent plutôt à une mise en balance de valeurs différentes qu’à l’application déductive d’une règle. Il faut y voir le signe de l’avènement d’un ordre juridique different, basé sur de nouvelles valeurs. La justice procédurale et contractuelle ne constitue plus un outil de protection des intérêts catégoriels mais permettent d’exprimer des valeurs constitutionnelles. A travers l‘argument de la “décision juste”, les principes processuels construisent une nouvelle jurisprudence. La justice dans le contrat se réalise par le prncipe du droit à un remède effectif (Art. 24 de la Constitution italienne, arts 6 et 13 de la CEDH, art. 47 CFRUE). L’ordre nouveau est fondé sur les règles et des principes juridiques. Ces derniers s’imposent a priori, et non ex post. Ils guident les juges et les interprètes et leur indique des objectifs à poursuivre. Ceci es t rendu possible par une technique argumentative nouvelle et rigoureuse: une reconfiguration des faits et des valeurs, la centralité du principe du raisonnable, l’autorité des cours européennes et l’utilisation consciente des techniques du droit de l’Union. La relation entre la function legislative et la mise en oeuvre de règles et de principes est en train de changer, de sorte qu’aujourd’hui, ils sont sur un pied d’égalité. Ceci a une incidence sur la forme démocratique et le contenu du droit des contrats, qui s’éloigne de plus en plus de celui du vingtième siècle. Zusammenfassung: Die Frage danach, wie sich das System des Vertragsrechts insgesamt fortentwickelt, ist eine hochkontrovers Diskutierte in Italien. Vertragsrecht wird nicht mehr als ein System von Regeln und Strukturen gesehen, das sich durch Widerspruchslosigkeit auszeichnet und von diesem Aspekt her konzipiert werden kann, sondern als ein System zwischen Fallrecht und Doktrin. Normen geben häufig keine Antwort, die klar gesetzlich verankert wäre und es solchermaßen erlauben würde, ihre Normkonformität eindeutig zu bestimmen oder vorherzusagen. Vielmehr ist für die Lösung des Falles eine Abwägung vonWerten nötig. Eine andere Art Rechtsordnung, basierend auf neuen Werten, ist im Entstehen. Gerechtigkeit im Gerichtssaal und im Vertragsrecht werden nicht mehr primär als Instrumente gesehen, die Individualoder Gruppeninteressen schützen sollen, sondern als Ausdruck von Verfassungswerten. Durch das sog. „fair decicion’s“ Argument werden die Verfahrensprinzipien zu einem neuen Cluster von Entscheidungsgruppen gebündelt. Ein fairer Vertrag zeichnet sich vor allem durch eine effiziente Durchsetzung aus (Art. 24 der italienischen Verfassung, Art. 6 und 3 EGMRK und Art. 47 Gemeinsamer Referenzrahmen). Die neue Rechtsordnung verbindet Rechtsnormen und Rechtsprinzipien. Die Letztgenannten kommen heute auch zuerst, sie führen den Richter, Praktiker und Wissenschaftler und geben ihm eine Zielrichtung, die er verfolgt. Dies wird durch eine neue 2 Giuseppe Vettori Brought to you by | Università degli Studi di Firenze Authenticated Download Date | 5/1/16 9:28 AM Argumentationstechnik ermöglicht: Zwischen Tatsachen und Prinzipien besteht ein neues Verhältnis, gekennzeichnet durch das insoweit ganz zentrale Konzept der „Reasonableness“, dem der EuGH und die Europäischen Gerichte besonderes Gewicht zumessen. Die Beziehung zwischen der Gesetzgebungsfunktion und ihrer Umsetzung in Prinzipien und Regeln ändert sich heutzutage, sie stehen sich zunehmend „auf Augenhöhe“ gegenüber. Dies zeitigt seine Wirkung sowohl im Hinblick auf den „demokratischen Prozess“ und auf das Vertragsrecht – die beide zunehmend anders werden als wir dies im 20. Jahrhundert kannten. 1 Going beyond the situation required by law (fattispecie) Legal sciences are increasingly studying the ongoing changes to the sources of the legal system within the current historical context, which is marked by extremely clear events. These developments include the reestablishment of a strong bond between law and society, the erosion of the State’s legislative monism, and the production of law which is increasingly less ‘legal and mostly delegated to the interpretation of Courts and legal scholars’. This has a direct consequence. Legal scholars are increasingly assessing the changes occurring to the method and techniques of private law. The crisis of the situation required by law is marked by an intense and refined analysis aimed at scrutinizing the past and present world. 1 See for instance the issue related to the interplay between the newly enacted legislation on the economic and monetary union and the existing EU treaties. On this point L.F.M. Besselink, ‘Parameters of constitutional development: The fiscal compact in between EU and member state constitutions’, in L.S. Rossi and F. Casolari (eds), The EU after Lisbon: amending or coping with the existing treaties? (Cham: Springer: 2014) 21–35. Another example might be the US debate over the legitimacy of citation to foreign sources of law by the Supreme Court: See on this point: D. Zaring, ‘The Use Of Foreign Decisions By Federal Courts: An Empirical Analysis’ 3 Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 297 (2006); S.G. Calabresi and S.D. Zimdahl, ‘The Supreme Court and Foreign Sources of Law: Two Hundred Years of Practice and the Juvenile Death Penalty Decision’ 47 William&Mary Law Review 743 (2005). 2 P. Grossi, ‘Sulla odierna “incertezza” del diritto’ www.giustiziacivile.com (2014). On this point, the ECJ is for instance increasingly granting more and more power to national courts to enforce the charter of foundamental rights see European Court of Justice 26 February 2013, case 617/2010, Åklagaren vHans Åkerberg Fransson [2013], ECR 2013–. The Fair Contract in the Constitutional System 3 Brought to you by | Università degli Studi di Firenze Authenticated Download Date | 5/1/16 9:28 AM On the one hand, the past system is examined. It was designed to create certain structures in order to defeat uncertainty and ‘dominate the unpredictable’, through ‘a simplifying system of types’, enabling the rule ‘to anticipate the reality’ and ‘conquer the future’, with ‘certainty and predictability’. On the other hand, the changes occurring to the constitutional State are also considered, where rules without a situation required by law may lead the interpreter to ‘rise from law to values’. Accordingly, legal reasoning follows other paths. The positive system is replaced by an ‘objective system of substantive values’, where rules are no longer self-sufficient, but they are rather justified and supported by something else that can somehow use them. This is a reference to values, which ‘have cancelled the problem of gaps’, since values ‘are worth in and for themselves, they do not need other rules or intermediate mechanisms; they rely only on themselves’. All of this, as it is clearly argued, does not prevent the work of jurists. They only need to continue their work under a new horizon. It is just a matter of specifying how. Italian law is a codified system. The codification is from the fascist era, often amended since then, but nevertheless it constitutes a good example because the constitutional values as such have been enacted mostly posterior to the codification itself. Therefore the interplay between rules and values – with a potential supremacy of the values, but at the same time more precise definition of the rules – can be found in Italian law in particular. The same is certainly true for Germany, and it is not by chance that these are the only two jurisdictions in the European Union where also the influence of fundamental rights on private law is experienced most directly. 3 N. Irti, ‘La crisi della fattispecie’ Rivista di diritto processuale 1 (2014) 38 et seq; N. Irti, ‘C

The Fair Contract in the Constitutional System: Principles as an Imperative Content of Codified Rules in the Italian Case-Law by Giuseppe Vettori