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Ortolan buntings Emberiza hotulana have undergone one of the most severe population declines of any Europeanfarmland bird over the last thirty years. The aim of this study was to find out which habitat features, includingcrop characteristics, ortolan bunting prefers in Estonia in breeding areas. This study compared currentlyoccupied and unoccupied ortolan bunting territories. Occupied areas contained significantly more tall broadleaftrees, crop types, structural elements (trees, bushes, roads, overhead power lines and buildings) and springwheat, but also had lower crop drilling densities. Ortolan bunting territories were best described by a logisticregression model containing six variables: amount of structural point elements, length of power lines, amountof tall broadleaf trees and number of different crops had a positive effect, whereas crop density and area ofautumn-sown crops had a negative effect. Based on the findings of this study, the following conservation measurescan be recommended: lower crop densities; spring rather than autumn-sown crops; small-field systemscontaining a variety of crops; scattered scrub preserved or planted; habitat patches of permanent grasslands,hedges and tall broadleaf trees retained within the agricultural landscape

What are the important landscape components for habitat selection of the ortolan bunting Emberiza hortulana in northern limit of range?