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Previous research on Chinese tense indicates that Chinese has either null tense or no tense. However, the present study suggests that the conclusions of previous studies regarding Chinese tense are either against the syntactic truth or illogical. The present study provides new evidence to support that Chinese has two independent tense elements,  zai  and  guo , which clearly indicate present and past tense, contrary to the traditional assumption that they are aspectual markers. From the perspective of grammaticalization, both  zai  and  guo  witnessed grammaticalization from the spatial concept to the temporal concept. The semantic evidence shows that  zai  and  guo  are semantically different from the aspectual markers  zhe  and  le  and convey the meaning of time location. The fact that both  zai  and  guo  are allowed in negation but not permitted in non-finite structure provides syntactic evidence that they are tense markers. However, the present study also suggests there can be two different  zai  and  guo ;  zai  and  guo  used separately and independently and  zai  and  guo  used with  zhe  and  le.  In the latter case,  zai  is a time adverbial and  guo  is an aspectual marker. The existence of independent tense markers in Chinese also shows that Chinese may have at least four different mechanisms to anchor tense.

Chinese does have independent tense elements: Zai and guo as tense markers