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Fouling of heat exchangers is a costly problem in industJ)'. There is a need for a betterunderstanding of the phenomena involved in the build up of deposits on surfaces.The paper reviews the basic mechanisms of fouling, emphasizing their rdle in determining theoverall fouling rate. Mass transfer, adhesion, chemical or biological reactions can be the ratelimiting processes depending on the design and operating conditions of the heat exchanger.Reference is made to the most common types of fouling, particularly in water systems, and totheir interaction with corrosion of metallic surfaces.Special attention is devoted to adhesion, since the formation of fouling layers is primarily asurface process. The main forces of adhesion and the methods fa predicting adhesion tendenciesare reviewed.The paper presents and discusses data obtained in laboratory studies on fouling caused byinorganic particles, by microorganisms, and also by both of these types of foulants actingsimultaneously. Synergistic phenomena (positive and negative) seem to occur when two ocmore types of foulants are present in the fluid, but the final result is still unpredictable. Data onthe effects of fluid velocity, temperature and surface material are also presented and discussed

Surface Interactions and Deposit Growth in Fouling of Heat Exchangers