English (United Kingdom)

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This paper analyzes symmetric NPN constructions (e.g.,  day to day, face to face, step by step ) qualitatively and quantitatively by examining data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (Davies, Mark. 2008–. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): 570 million words, 1990–present.  http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/ ). The constructions’ frequency and productivity, as well as their semantics and extension potential (i.e., modification, complementation) is investigated (e.g., by conducting collostructional analysis). In terms of theoretical modeling, the paper takes a Usage-based, Cognitive Construction Grammar approach (UCCxG) and sketches the constructional network of this constructional family, postulating various constructional templates on different levels of specificity – among others – the existence of the following subtypes [CN sg,time   i   after  CN sg,time   i ] Cx  (e.g.,  day after day, night after night ), [CN sg,measurement   i   by  CN sg,measurement   i ] Cx  (e.g.,  inch by inch, step by step ) or [CN sg,bodypart   i   to  CN sg,bodypart   i ] Cx  (e.g.,  skin to skin, shoulder to shoulder ). We show how these templates are vertically and horizontally connected to each other. Ultimately, we argue that in a usage-based model which strives for cognitive plausibility it is not always feasible to postulate the entrenchment of an abstract overarching schema (i.e., a ‘mothernode’) like [CN i  P CN i ] Cx  or even [N P N] Cx  high up in the network. It is unlikely that speakers abstract such a general schema in a bottom-up acquisition process for this family. Rather, the NPN group is a constructional family characterized by many sister ties and by the absence of mother nodes from which information can be inherited.

Of absent mothers, strong sisters and peculiar daughters: The constructional network of English NPN constructions