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This paper adopts a cognitive linguistic framework to explore the influence of spatial and social factors on the use of Spanish demonstratives  esta  ‘this’ and  esa  ‘that’. Twenty adult Spanish speakers in Monterrey, Mexico, were asked questions prompting the selection of puzzle pieces for placement in a 25-piece puzzle located in the shared space between the participant and an addressee. Although participants were not explicitly instructed to produce demonstratives, the need to identify specific puzzle pieces naturally elicited a total of 523 tokens of  esta  and  esa . Analyses of the distribution of  esta  versus  esa  show that demonstratives are not used in a categorical manner to mark differences in physical space. Although participants tended to produce proximal  esta  for referents near the speaker, both  esta  and  esa  were used for referents further from the speaker and closer to the addressee. Participants’ demonstrative selection was also influenced by interaction type: intersubjective misalignment between speakers promoted the use of proximal  esta , whereas intersubjective alignment promoted the use of distal  esa . These results support the view that nominal grounding is an intersubjective activity. Physical and social factors  jointly  shape speakers’ construal of the developing co-constructed communicative event as a whole, leading to increasingly variable usage of demonstratives as the referent is more distant both spatially and intersubjectively from the speaker.

Demonstratives as indicators of interactional focus: Spatial and social dimensions of Spanish esta and esa