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Indonesian has two prefixes,  PE-  and  PEN- , that are similar in form and meaning, but are probably not allomorphs. In this study, we applied a distributional vector space model to clarify whether these prefixes have discriminable semantics. Comparisons of pairs of words within and across morphologically defined sets of words revealed that cosine similarities of pairs consisting of a word with  PE-  and a word with  PEN-  were reduced compared to pairs of only  PE-  words, or of only  PEN-  words. Furthermore, nouns with  PE-  were more similar to their base words than was the case for words with  PEN- . The specialized use of  PE-  for words denoting agents, and the specialized use of  PEN-  for denoting instruments, was also visible in the semantic vector space. These differences in the semantics of  PE-  and  PEN-  thus provide further quantitative support for the independent status of  PE-  as opposed to  PEN- .

Exploring semantic differences between the Indonesian prefixes PE- and PEN- using a vector space model