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In this study, I contrast the uses of  may  and  can  by French and Chinese English learners in speech and writing. I annotated 4025 examples across four corpora according to more than 70 morpho-syntactic and semantic features and analyzed the features’ distribution using logistic regression modeling. The study reveals that when dissimilarities between the two learner varieties occur, they do so in speech rather than writing and they involve complex grammatical features such as the passive voice and heavy lexical verbs. Ultimately, those results suggest that non-native co-occurrence patterns found in conversations are more likely to be characteristic of learners’ individual interlanguage (IL) varieties compared to those found in writing. Overall, this study provides a first step towards multidimensional descriptions of IL registers. It also shows how four interacting factors contribute to the emergence of IL grammars: language processing demands, language production modes, grammatical contexts and individual IL varieties.

A multifactorial approach to linguistic structure in L2 spoken and written registers